The export-import clause further restricts state powers and prohibits states from imposing tariffs or other taxes on goods imported and exported without the consent of the U.S. Congress that exceed the costs required for their inspection, as required by state law. In addition, revenues from any import or export duties or taxes must be paid to the federal government and not to the states. The House of Representatives is composed of members who are elected every two years by the people of the various states, and the voters of each state must have the qualifications required for the voters of the largest branch of the state legislature. Section 1. In the event of the dismissal of the President or the death or resignation of the President, the Vice-President shall become President. However, at the time of the election of the President, the votes shall be cast by the States, the representation of each State having one vote; A quorum for this purpose shall consist of one or more members of two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all States shall be required for an election. And if the House of Representatives does not elect a president every time the right to vote is transferred to it, before the fourth of March next year, then the vice president acts as president, as in the event of the death or other constitutional obstruction of the president – the person who has the most votes as vice president is the vice president, if that number is a majority of the total number of electors appointed and no one has a majority, the Senate shall elect the Vice-President from among the two largest numbers on the list; A quorum for this purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the total number of senators, and a majority of the total number shall be required for an election. But no person who is constitutionally eligible for the office of President is entitled to the office of Vice President of the United States. For those who, like me, believe in the classic liberal constitution, this constitutional transformation has spurred huge political factions that, as Madison has seen, have worked against the interests of the public as a whole. In contrast, progressive thinkers tolerated the increase in the level of government activity. As Judge Thurgood Marshall wrote in Usery v.
Turner Elkhorn Mining Co. (1976), virtually “all legislative acts that adjust the burdens and benefits of economic life,” subject to a narrow exception for laws classified as “arbitrary and irrational,” fall within the jurisdiction of Congress. Implicitly, the same level of respect has been shown to state legislators. At this stage, the contractual clause has little particularity, which is recklessly swallowed up by the general presumption in favour of all economic regulations. For more than two centuries, the Constitution remained in force because its drafters succeeded in separating and balancing the powers of government to protect the interests of majority rule and the rights of minorities, freedom and equality, as well as federal and state governments. The Constitution is more a concise presentation of national principles than a detailed plan of the governmental function, but has evolved to meet the changing needs of a modern society fundamentally different from the eighteenth-century world in which its creators lived. To date, the Constitution has been amended 27 times, most recently in 1992. The first ten amendments form the Bill of Rights.
The various clauses in this section cover a wide range of issues, and these clauses leave some questions unanswered as to the stringency of restrictions on State authority. However, there is another sense in which the section as a whole maintains a unifying theme. The existence of these restrictions shows that the individual States no longer possessed anything that corresponded to the traditional concept of sovereignty. This famous word never appears in the text of the Constitution, although it is part of the articles of Confederation. However, in designing a federal system, the framers of the Constitution effectively asserted that states no longer had a full range of sovereign powers. There were emergency situations in which states could use a minimum level of military force when their militia was in good shape. But for all intents and purposes, the Constitution has denied states the opportunity to wage war and diplomacy with foreign nations – two traditional markers of the sovereignty of a modern nation-state. .